Prevention & Protection
Comprehensive evidence-based information about contraception, STI prevention, and reproductive health care for all ages.
Complete Guide to Sexual Health Protection
Complete Guide to Contraception Methods
Understanding different birth control options, effectiveness, and how to choose what's right for you
Hormonal Contraception Methods
Hormonal birth control works by releasing synthetic hormones that prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to block sperm, and thin the uterine lining to prevent implantation. These methods are among the most effective reversible options available.
Birth Control Pills
Oral contraceptives taken daily to prevent pregnancy.
- Combination Pills: Contain estrogen and progestin
- Mini-Pills: Progestin-only, ideal for breastfeeding
- Extended-Cycle Pills: Reduce periods to 4 times yearly
- Effectiveness: 91-99% with perfect use
Pros: Regulates periods, reduces cramps and acne, decreases ovarian cancer risk
Cons: Requires daily adherence, possible side effects, doesn't protect against STIs
Injections (Depo-Provera)
Progestin injection administered every 3 months.
- Administration: Healthcare provider injection
- Duration: Effective for 12-14 weeks
- Return to Fertility: May take 6-12 months after stopping
- Effectiveness: 94-99% with correct timing
Pros: Highly effective, discreet, requires infrequent dosing
Cons: May cause weight gain, bone density concerns with long-term use
Patches & Rings
Weekly or monthly hormone delivery systems.
- Patch: Applied weekly, 3 weeks on/1 week off
- Vaginal Ring: Inserted monthly, 3 weeks in/1 week out
- Hormones: Estrogen and progestin combination
- Effectiveness: 91-99% with correct use
Pros: Less frequent than daily pills, reversible quickly
Cons: Visible (patch), may cause irritation, same side effects as pills
Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC)
LARC methods are the most effective reversible contraceptives available, providing years of protection with minimal user effort after initial placement.
Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
T-shaped devices inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider.
- Hormonal IUD: Releases progestin, lasts 3-8 years
- Copper IUD: Non-hormonal, lasts up to 10-12 years
- Insertion: Quick procedure, some discomfort
- Effectiveness: Over 99%
Pros: "Set and forget" method, highly effective, immediate reversibility
Cons: Upfront cost, insertion discomfort, possible heavier periods (copper)
Implants (Nexplanon)
Small rod inserted under the skin of the upper arm.
- Duration: Effective for up to 3-5 years
- Hormone: Progestin-only
- Procedure: Quick insertion and removal
- Effectiveness: Over 99%
Pros: Highly effective, discreet, not-intercourse dependent
Cons: May cause irregular bleeding, requires minor procedure
Barrier Methods
Barrier methods physically prevent sperm from reaching the egg. Many also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections.
Male Condoms
Sheaths worn over the penis during intercourse.
- Materials: Latex, polyurethane, polyisoprene, lambskin
- STI Protection: Yes (except lambskin)
- Availability: Over-the-counter, no prescription needed
- Effectiveness: 82-98% with typical to perfect use
Pros: STI protection, easily accessible, inexpensive
Cons: Can break or slip, requires interruption, latex allergies
Female Condoms
Pouches inserted into the vagina before intercourse.
- Material: Typically nitrile or polyurethane
- STI Protection: Yes, covers more surface area
- Control: Woman-initiated protection
- Effectiveness: 79-95% with typical to perfect use
Pros: STI protection, female-controlled, can be inserted hours before
Cons: May be noisy, less readily available, more expensive
Diaphragms & Cervical Caps
Dome-shaped devices inserted to cover the cervix.
- Fitting: Requires healthcare provider fitting
- Spermicide: Must be used with spermicide
- Timing: Inserted before sex, left in 6-24 hours after
- Effectiveness: 71-88% with typical use
Pros: Non-hormonal, only used when needed, reusable
Cons: Lower effectiveness, requires planning, possible UTIs
Fertility Awareness Methods
Also called natural family planning, these methods involve tracking fertility signs to identify fertile days and avoid unprotected sex during those times.
Symptothermal Method
Combines tracking basal body temperature and cervical mucus.
- Basal Temperature: Rises after ovulation
- Cervical Mucus: Changes consistency during cycle
- Effectiveness: 76-99% with perfect use
Calendar Method
Tracking menstrual cycles to predict fertile window.
- Requirement: Regular cycles for accuracy
- Tools: Cycle tracking apps, calendars
- Effectiveness: 75-91% with perfect use
Ovulation Predictor Kits
Testing urine for luteinizing hormone surge before ovulation.
- Detection: Identifies 24-36 hours before ovulation
- Usage: Daily testing around expected ovulation
- Effectiveness: Varies with method combination
Contraception Effectiveness Comparison
Understanding the difference between "perfect use" and "typical use" effectiveness rates helps in making informed decisions about which method best fits your lifestyle and needs.
| Method | Perfect Use | Typical Use | STI Protection | Prescription Required |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Implant | 99% | 99% | No | Yes |
| IUD (Hormonal) | 99% | 99% | No | Yes |
| IUD (Copper) | 99% | 99% | No | Yes |
| Sterilization (Female) | 99.5% | 99.5% | No | Yes |
| Sterilization (Male) | 99.9% | 99.9% | No | Yes |
| Injections | 99% | 94% | No | Yes |
| Birth Control Pill | 99% | 91% | No | Yes |
| Patch | 99% | 91% | No | Yes |
| Vaginal Ring | 99% | 91% | No | Yes |
| Male Condom | 98% | 82% | Yes | No |
| Diaphragm with Spermicide | 94% | 71% | No | Yes |
| Fertility Awareness | 95% | 77% | No | No |
| Withdrawal | 96% | 78% | No | No |
| Spermicide Alone | 82% | 72% | No | No |
Source: CDC - Perfect use means always using the method correctly. Typical use reflects real-world effectiveness including human error.
How to Choose the Right Contraception
Selecting the most appropriate birth control method involves considering multiple factors including health, lifestyle, relationship status, and future pregnancy plans.
Key Considerations:
- Health Factors: Medical conditions, medications, allergies
- Effectiveness Needs: How important is pregnancy prevention?
- STI Protection: Are you at risk for sexually transmitted infections?
- Convenience: Daily, weekly, monthly, or long-term option?
- Side Effects: Tolerance for potential side effects
- Cost & Access: Insurance coverage, availability
- Future Plans: When might you want to become pregnant?
Consulting with a healthcare provider is essential to discuss your specific needs, medical history, and preferences. Many providers offer comprehensive contraceptive counseling to help you make the best choice.
Complete STI Prevention & Information Guide
Understanding sexually transmitted infections, transmission risks, testing, and comprehensive prevention strategies
Common Sexually Transmitted Infections
STIs are infections that spread primarily through sexual contact. Understanding the different types, symptoms, and treatments is crucial for prevention and early intervention.
Bacterial STIs
Infections caused by bacteria that can typically be cured with antibiotics.
- Chlamydia: Often asymptomatic; can cause PID if untreated
- Gonorrhea: Can infect genitals, rectum, throat; growing antibiotic resistance
- Syphilis: Progresses through stages; can cause serious complications if untreated
- Treatment: Antibiotics; partner treatment essential
Viral STIs
Infections caused by viruses that may be managed but not always cured.
- HIV: Attacks immune system; manageable with antiretroviral therapy
- HPV: Most common STI; some strains cause cancer; vaccine available
- Herpes: Causes sores; antiviral medications manage outbreaks
- Hepatitis B: Liver infection; vaccine available
Parasitic & Other STIs
Infections caused by parasites or other organisms.
- Trichomoniasis: Parasitic infection; treatable with antibiotics
- Pubic Lice: "Crabs"; treatable with special shampoos
- Scabies: Mites that burrow under skin; treatable with creams
- Molluscum Contagiosum: Viral skin infection; usually resolves on its own
STI Symptoms & Detection
Many STIs can be asymptomatic, making regular testing essential for sexually active individuals. When symptoms do occur, they vary by infection.
Common STI Symptoms:
- Genital Symptoms: Sores, bumps, blisters, warts, redness, swelling
- Discharge: Unusual discharge from penis or vagina
- Pain: Burning during urination, pelvic pain, pain during sex
- Itching: Genital or anal itching, irritation
- Systemic Symptoms: Fever, swollen glands, body aches, rash
Important: Many people with STIs have no symptoms but can still transmit infections to partners. Regular testing is the only way to know your status for certain.
Comprehensive STI Prevention Strategies
Effective STI prevention involves multiple approaches tailored to individual risk factors and circumstances.
Barrier Methods
Physical barriers that prevent contact with bodily fluids and skin-to-skin transmission.
- Male Condoms: Reduce transmission risk for most STIs
- Female Condoms: Provide protection similar to male condoms
- Dental Dams: Protect during oral sex on vagina or anus
- Correct Use: Essential for maximum protection
Medical Prevention
Medical interventions that reduce STI risk.
- Vaccinations: HPV, Hepatitis A & B vaccines
- PrEP: Daily medication to prevent HIV
- PEP: Emergency HIV prevention after exposure
- Treatment as Prevention: HIV treatment reduces transmission
Behavioral Strategies
Lifestyle choices that reduce STI risk.
- Mutual Monogamy: Both partners tested, exclusive
- Reduced Partners: Fewer sexual partners lowers risk
- Communication: Discuss STI status with partners
- Substance Use: Reduced alcohol/drug use improves decision-making
STI Testing Guide
Regular STI testing is a crucial component of sexual health maintenance. Testing recommendations vary based on individual risk factors.
| STI | Recommended Testing | Test Method | Frequency for Active Individuals |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chlamydia & Gonorrhea | All sexually active women under 25; older women with risk factors; all men with symptoms | Urine test or swab | Annual or with new partner |
| HIV | Everyone aged 13-64 at least once; more frequently if higher risk | Blood test or oral fluid | 3-6 months if high risk |
| Syphilis | Pregnant women; individuals with multiple partners; MSM | Blood test | 3-12 months based on risk |
| HPV | Women 21+ with Pap test; no routine test for men | Pap test/HPV test | Every 3-5 years |
| Herpes | Only with symptoms; not recommended routinely | Swab of sore or blood test | Symptomatic only |
| Hepatitis B & C | At least once in lifetime; more if risk factors | Blood test | Based on risk factors |
Where to Get Tested:
- Healthcare Provider: Primary care doctor, gynecologist, urologist
- Sexual Health Clinics: Planned Parenthood, public health departments
- Community Health Centers: Sliding scale fees available
- At-Home Tests: Mail-in kits for certain STIs
- College Health Centers: Often offer free or low-cost testing
STI Treatment & Management
Most STIs are treatable, and many are curable. Early detection and proper treatment are essential to prevent complications and further transmission.
Curable STIs
Infections that can be completely eliminated with treatment.
- Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis: Antibiotic treatment
- Trichomoniasis: Antiparasitic medication
- Important: Complete all medication; get retested if needed; inform partners
Manageable STIs
Infections that can be controlled but not cured.
- HIV: Antiretroviral therapy manages virus
- Herpes: Antivirals reduce outbreaks and transmission
- HPV: Monitoring; treatment for complications
- Hepatitis B: Antiviral medications manage infection
Partner Notification:
Informing sexual partners about possible exposure is a responsible and necessary step. Many health departments offer anonymous partner notification services to help with this process while maintaining privacy.
Comprehensive Reproductive Health Guide
Complete care for reproductive and sexual health throughout all life stages
Menstrual Health & Cycle Awareness
Understanding menstrual cycles is fundamental to reproductive health, fertility awareness, and identifying potential health concerns.
Normal Menstrual Cycle
The typical menstrual cycle and what to expect.
- Cycle Length: 21-35 days (average 28)
- Period Duration: 2-7 days
- Blood Loss: 30-80 mL per cycle
- Cycle Phases: Menstrual, follicular, ovulation, luteal
Menstrual Products
Options for managing menstrual flow.
- Disposable: Pads, tampons, menstrual discs
- Reusable: Menstrual cups, cloth pads, period underwear
- Considerations: Comfort, cost, environmental impact
- Toxic Shock Syndrome: Rare but serious; follow product guidelines
Menstrual Disorders
Conditions that affect menstrual health.
- Dysmenorrhea: Painful periods
- Menorrhagia: Heavy menstrual bleeding
- Amenorrhea: Absence of periods
- PCOS, Endometriosis: Common conditions affecting cycles
Fertility & Conception
Understanding fertility helps with both pregnancy prevention and planning, regardless of current reproductive goals.
How Conception Works
The biological process of pregnancy.
- Ovulation: Release of egg approximately 14 days before next period
- Fertilization: Sperm meets egg in fallopian tube
- Implantation: Fertilized egg attaches to uterine lining
- Fertile Window: 5-6 days each cycle (sperm survival + egg life)
Factors Affecting Fertility
Elements that influence reproductive capability.
- Age: Fertility declines with age, especially after 35
- Health Conditions: PCOS, endometriosis, thyroid disorders
- Lifestyle: Weight, nutrition, exercise, substance use
- Environmental: Toxins, stress, occupational hazards
When to Seek Help
Signs that fertility evaluation may be needed.
- Under 35: Try for 1 year before evaluation
- 35 or older: Try for 6 months before evaluation
- Irregular cycles: May indicate ovulation issues
- Known conditions: PCOS, endometriosis, previous pelvic surgery
Preventive Reproductive Healthcare
Routine care and screenings are essential for maintaining reproductive health and detecting potential issues early.
Routine Exams & Screenings
Regular healthcare visits for reproductive wellness.
- Pelvic Exams: Assessment of reproductive organs
- Pap Smears: Cervical cancer screening starting at age 21
- Breast Exams: Clinical and self-exams for breast health
- Testicular Exams: Self-exams for testicular cancer detection
Vaccinations
Immunizations that protect reproductive health.
- HPV Vaccine: Prevents HPV-related cancers; recommended through age 26
- Hepatitis B Vaccine: Prevents liver infection that can be sexually transmitted
- MMR: Protects against rubella, which can cause birth defects
Reproductive Lifespan Care
Health considerations across different life stages.
- Adolescence: Puberty education, first gynecological visit
- Reproductive Years: Contraception, preconception care
- Pregnancy & Postpartum: Prenatal care, postpartum recovery
- Menopause: Transition management, symptom relief
Reproductive Health Conditions
Common conditions affecting reproductive health, their symptoms, and management approaches.
| Condition | Description | Symptoms | Management/Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | Hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts | Irregular periods, excess hair growth, acne, weight gain | Lifestyle changes, birth control, metformin, fertility treatments |
| Endometriosis | Uterine tissue growing outside the uterus | Painful periods, pain during sex, heavy bleeding, infertility | Pain medication, hormone therapy, laparoscopic surgery |
| Uterine Fibroids | Noncancerous growths in the uterus | Heavy bleeding, pelvic pressure, frequent urination | Monitoring, medication, uterine artery embolization, surgery |
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | Infection of female reproductive organs | Pelvic pain, fever, unusual discharge, pain during sex | Antibiotics, partner treatment, sometimes hospitalization |
| Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) | Severe form of PMS with significant mood symptoms | Severe depression, irritability, tension before period | Antidepressants, birth control, lifestyle changes, therapy |
Emergency Contraception Guide
Options for preventing pregnancy after unprotected sex, contraceptive failure, or sexual assault
Emergency Contraception Pills
Also known as "morning after pills," these medications can prevent pregnancy when taken after unprotected sex.
Levonorgestrel Pills
Progestin-only emergency contraception available over-the-counter.
- Brand Names: Plan B One-Step, Take Action, AfterPill
- Effectiveness Window: Up to 72 hours (most effective within 24 hours)
- Mechanism: Prevents or delays ovulation
- Effectiveness: 75-89% depending on timing
- Availability: Over-the-counter, no age restriction
Ulipristal Acetate
Prescription emergency contraception with extended effectiveness.
- Brand Name: Ella
- Effectiveness Window: Up to 120 hours (5 days)
- Mechanism: Blocks progesterone receptors
- Effectiveness: 85% overall
- Availability: Prescription required
Important Considerations:
- Emergency contraception does not protect against STIs
- It is not intended as regular birth control
- Effectiveness decreases with time after unprotected sex
- It does not cause abortion if pregnancy has already occurred
- Side effects may include nausea, headache, fatigue, or irregular bleeding
Copper IUD as Emergency Contraception
The copper IUD is the most effective form of emergency contraception available.
Copper IUD Advantages
- Effectiveness: Over 99% - most effective EC method
- Timeframe: Up to 5 days after unprotected sex
- Additional Benefit: Provides ongoing contraception for 10-12 years
- Mechanism: Copper creates toxic environment for sperm and eggs
- Requires: Healthcare provider insertion
Considerations: Upfront cost, insertion appointment availability, possible discomfort during insertion
Accessing Emergency Contraception
Knowing where and how to obtain emergency contraception quickly is essential for its effectiveness.
Pharmacies
Levonorgestrel EC available over-the-counter at most pharmacies without age restriction.
Planned Parenthood
Offers all forms of emergency contraception, often with sliding scale fees.
College Health Centers
Many provide emergency contraception at reduced cost or free for students.
Online Services
Telehealth platforms can prescribe and ship emergency contraception.
Myths vs. Facts About Emergency Contraception
Dispelling common misconceptions about emergency contraception.
Myth: Emergency contraception is the same as the abortion pill.
Fact: Emergency contraception prevents pregnancy from occurring; it does not terminate an existing pregnancy.
Myth: You can only use emergency contraception once in your lifetime.
Fact: Emergency contraception can be used multiple times, though it's not recommended as regular contraception.
Myth: Emergency contraception causes birth defects.
Fact: Research shows no increased risk of birth defects if pregnancy occurs despite EC use.
Myth: Emergency contraception is 100% effective.
Fact: Effectiveness varies from 75-99% depending on the method and timing.
Accessing Sexual Healthcare
How to find providers, understand costs, and know your rights for reproductive and sexual health services
Finding the Right Healthcare Provider
Choosing a provider you trust is essential for comprehensive sexual healthcare.
Types of Providers
- Primary Care Physicians: General health including basic sexual health
- Gynecologists: Specialists in female reproductive health
- Urologists: Specialists in male reproductive and urinary health
- Adolescent Medicine Specialists: Focus on teen-specific health needs
- Nurse Practitioners & Physician Assistants: Often provide contraceptive care
- Reproductive Endocrinologists: Fertility specialists
Where to Find Care
- Private Practices: Individual or group provider offices
- Community Health Centers: Federally qualified health centers
- Planned Parenthood: Comprehensive sexual health services
- Public Health Departments: STI testing, family planning services
- College Health Centers: Services for students
- Telehealth Services: Virtual consultations and prescriptions
Understanding Costs & Insurance
Navigating the financial aspects of sexual healthcare.
Insurance Coverage
- Affordable Care Act: Requires coverage of preventive services including contraception
- Medicaid: Coverage varies by state for family planning services
- Private Insurance: Check your plan's specific coverage details
- Parent's Insurance: Confidentiality protections for dependents
Low-Cost Options
- Title X Clinics: Federally funded family planning services
- Sliding Scale Fees: Costs based on income at many clinics
- Pharmaceutical Assistance: Patient assistance programs for medications
- State Programs: Some states have specific family planning programs
Know Your Rights
Understanding your legal protections in sexual healthcare.
Patient Rights
- Confidentiality: Healthcare information privacy protections
- Consent: Right to informed consent for all procedures
- Access to Records: Right to view your medical records
- Non-Discrimination: Protection against discrimination
Reproductive Rights
- Contraception Access: Legal right to obtain birth control
- Abortion Rights: Varies by state and jurisdiction
- Sterilization Consent: Protections against coerced sterilization
- Minors' Rights: Varies by state for consent without parental involvement
Frequently Asked Questions
Laws vary by state, but in many states, minors can access contraception without parental consent. Title X clinics and many Planned Parenthood locations provide confidential services to minors. Check your state's specific laws or consult with a healthcare provider.
Under the Affordable Care Act, most insurance plans must cover FDA-approved contraceptive methods at no cost to the patient. Without insurance, costs vary: birth control pills $0-$50 monthly, IUDs $0-$1,300, implants $0-$1,300, condoms $0.50-$2 each. Many low-cost options are available through clinics with sliding scale fees.
The CDC recommends annual testing for sexually active people under 25, those with multiple partners, men who have sex with men, and anyone with a new partner. More frequent testing (every 3-6 months) is recommended for those with higher risk factors. Consult with your healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.
If you suspect contraceptive failure (condom break, missed pills, etc.), emergency contraception is an option. The copper IUD is most effective (up to 5 days after unprotected sex), followed by prescription ulipristal acetate (up to 5 days) and over-the-counter levonorgestrel (up to 3 days, most effective within 24 hours). Contact a healthcare provider as soon as possible.